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Abstract Objectives: Upper respiratory tract infections in children generally have significant morbidity and mortality. There is little data available about functional immaturity of the immune system and the child's susceptibility to infections at the beginning of their lives, thus, justifying a more specific immunological analysis. Method: Analysis of hemograms and innate and adaptive immune responses in 95 children between age 1 to 6 years with episodes of recurrent respiratory infections (test group n = 39) and without these episodes (control group n = 56) was carried out. The production of reactive oxygen intermediates by peripheral blood cells stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate was analyzed. Additionally, the number of B lymphocytes, auxiliary T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic cells was determined using flow cytometry. Results: Results from both groups did not show statistically significant differences in red blood cells, total leukocytes count, and the differential neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes count. The analysis of the number of B lymphocytes, auxiliary T lymphocytes (LTCD4), and cytotoxic cells (LTCD8) also did not show any difference between both groups. However, the production of radical oxygen intermediates was significantly reduced in the test group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference in the analysis of hemograms, leukograms, or the number of lymphocytes, LTCD4, LTCD8, or LTCD19. The reduced production of oxygen intermediates in the affected group suggests that these children's microbicide capacity is compromised, which may be related to their recurrent respiratory infections.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of bronchial asthma (BA) complicated with recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) in children in Hebei District, Tianjin City, and to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of children with BA complicated with RRTI. Methods The stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to randomly select 428 children with BA hospitalized in Hebei District of Tianjin as the study subjects. The routine deep sputum culture and etiological examination were carried out. The children with RRTI were included in the experimental group (n=84), and the children without RRTI (n=344) were included in the control group. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate gender, age, smoking proportion of family members, use of antibiotics 3 times or more a year, and family history of allergy. The risk factors of BA combined with RRTI were analyzed by logistic regression. Results RRTI occurred in 84 of 428 children with BA, and the incidence rate was 19.63% (84/428). The proportion of BA complicated with RRTI in children aged 6 months to 2 years was higher than that in other age groups (χ2=6.213, P0.05). The proportion of family smoking, the use of antibiotics 3 times or more a year, and the proportion of family allergy history in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that family smoking, antibiotic use 3 times or more a year and family history of allergy were independent risk factors for BA complicated with RRTI (P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of BA complicated with RRTI in children in Hebei District, Tianjin City is high, and the age of high incidence is 6 months to 2 years old. The proportion of family smoking, the use of antibiotics three times or more a year, and the proportion of family allergy history are the high-risk factors for the occurrence of BA complicated with RRTI in children in Hebei District, Tianjin City.
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Background: Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are common in children especially in age 1 to 6 years. Pidotimod, an immunostimulant has been found to lower the recurrences of RRIs and improve the quality of life. The Objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of pidotimod in children with recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs).Methods: In this single-centre, prospective, observational study, children aged 2 to 15 years diagnosed with RRIs were included. RRIs were defined as occurrence of 3 or more episodes of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) or more than 15 days of respiratory symptoms in the past 3 months. These children were treated with pidotimod in addition to standard care treatment. Treatment duration was two months and the follow-up continued for three months. Number of RRIs and severity of RRIs, antibiotic courses and rate of hospitalization before and after treatment were compared.Results: In total 25 children included in the study, mean age was 7.34'3.63 years. Among them, 68% were males. After treatment with pidotimod, there was significant reduction in mean number of ARI episodes (3.84'0.85 at baseline to 0.48'0.51 at follow-up, p<0.0001). Also, there was significant reduction in the duration of acute infectious episodes (p<0.0001), need of antibiotic courses (p<0.0001) and rates of hospitalization (p<0.0001). No safety concerns were identified and pidotimod was well tolerated.Conclusions: Addition of pidotimod to the standard treatment in children with RRIs significantly reduces the recurrence, duration of repeat infectious episodes, need of antibiotic treatments and future rates of hospitalizations. These findings support previous data.
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Vitamin D is an active derivative of fat-soluble steroid, which can promotes the absorption of Ca in the intestine and maintains the concentrations of serum Ca in blood as well as phosphate.Recent researches found that the lack of vitamin D would increase the risk of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases, tumors and other metabolic diseases in addition to affecting the development of bones.More stu-dies have shown that low vitamin D levels is related to respiratory diseases in children.In this review, the physiological characteristics of vitamin D and the relationship with respiratory diseases in children were discussed.
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Vitamin D is an active derivative of fat-soluble steroid,which can promotes the absorption of Ca in the intestine and maintains the concentrations of serum Ca in blood as well as phosphate.Recent researches found that the lack of vitamin D would increase the risk of respiratory diseases,cardiovascular diseases,autoimmune diseases,neuropsychiatric diseases,tumors and other metabolic diseases in addition to affecting the development of bones.More studies have shown that low vitamin D levels is related to respiratory diseases in children.In this review,the physiological characteristics of vitamin D and the relationship with respiratory diseases in children were discussed.
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Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias recurrentes (IRR) se acompañan frecuentemente de trastornos nutricionales que afectan el crecimiento de los niños. Objetivos: Describir el estado de nutrición de los niños estudiados y las relaciones que existen entre este y la presencia de IRR. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, en el que se evaluó el comportamiento de un conjunto de índices antropométricos (talla /edad, IMC/edad, área de grasa /edad y área de músculo/edad) en 116 niños de 0-6 años portadores de IRR atendidos en la consulta de Inmunología del Hospital Docente "Ángel A. Aballí" (2005 - 2007). Resultados y discusión: Este estudio mostró que en esta población las IRR altas fueron más frecuentes que las bajas, con mayor afectación del sexo masculino y los menores de 5 años, predominaron valores altos de los índices antropométricos, excepto en el IMC, pero hubo una mayor afectación nutricional en esta población que la reportada en un estudio previo en la provincia de La Habana. Aquellos que presentaron IRR bajas mostraron valores deficitarios con más frecuencia que los que padecían IRR altas. Conclusiones: La población estudiada tuvo mayor afectación nutricional que la del estudio previo de su provincia de origen, lo que fue más evidente en las IRR bajas.
Introduction: The recurrent respiratory infections (RRI) are frequently accompanied by nutritional disorders that affect the growth of the children.Objectives: Describe the nutrition state of the children studied and its relationship with the presence of RRI. Method: It was carried out an observational, descriptive and transverse study in which the behavior of a group of anthropometric indexes (height / age, BMI/age, fat area / age and muscle/age was evaluated in 116 children 0-6 year-old suffering from RRI assisted in the consultation of Immunology of the teaching Hospital "Ángel A. Aballí" (2005 - 2007). Result: This study showed that in this population the upper RRI were more frequent than the lower ones with a higher incidence in the male sex and of those under five years, high values of the anthropometrics index prevailed except in the BMI but there was a greater nutritional affectation in this population than the one reported in a previous study in Havana. Those that presented lower RRI showed deficit in values more frecuently than those that suffered from upper RRI. Conclusions: The studied population had bigger nutritional affectation that the children of the previous study of the province of origin. It was more evident in the low RRI.
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Antecedentes. La población mexicana presenta una alta prevalencia de infecciones recurrentes de vías respiratorias altas. Objetivos. Comparar el efecto de dosis inmunoestimulantes de ribosomas bacterianos y proteoglicanos de membrana Ribovac® sobre células mononucleadas. Material y métodos. La expresión de IL-6 de células mononucleadas en cultivo, se midió a concentraciones y tiempos variables por la técnica de ELISA, mientras que el efecto de Ribovac® en poblaciones de células mononucleadas fue analizado por citometría de flujo. Resultados. Ribovac® tiene un efecto dependiente de dosis y tiempo de exposición sobre la expresión de IL-6 por células mononucleadas; las concentraciones de IL-6 fueron máximas a las 6 horas de tratamiento con Ribovac®. La expresión de CD3+ fue mayor cuando las células mononucleadas se trataron con 125 µg/ml por 72 horas (p=0,010) respecto a aquellas que se trataron a mitad de esa concentración en igual tiempo, a diferencia de la expresión de CD19, que fue mayor en células mononucleadas tratadas con 62,5 µg/ml por 72 horas que en aquellas tratadas con 125 µg/ml por 72 horas (p=0,021). No se encontraron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas en el número de células CD16+CD56+ ni en la coexpresión de los marcadores CD45 y CD19 cuando se compararon tanto tiempos de administración como concentraciones de Ribovac®. Conclusiones. La expansión de poblaciones linfoides y la maduración de éstas a fenotipos con mayor capacidad efectora son efectos inducibles y deseables de Ribovac®, que deben tenerse en cuenta al decidir su tiempo e intervalos de administración.(AU)
Background. The Mexican population has a high prevalence of recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract. Objective. To compare the effect of immunostimulatory dose of bacterial ribosomes and membrane proteoglycan Ribovac® on mononuclear cells. Methods. The expression of interleukin 6 from mononuclear cells in culture was measured at varying concentrations and times by ELISA, while the effect of R in populations of mononuclear cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results. Ribovac® has an dose-dependent and exposure time effect on the expression of IL-6 by mononuclear cells, concentrations of IL-6 were maximal at 6 hours of treatment with Ribovac®. The expression of CD3+ was higher when mononuclear cells weretreated with 125 µg/ml for 72 hours (p=0,010) than those who were treated to half that concentration in the same time, unlike the expression of CD19 which was higher in mononuclear cells treated with 62,5 µg/ml for 72 hours than those that were treated with 125 µg/ml for 72 hours (p=0,021). There were no statistically significance in the decrease in the number of CD16+CD56+ cells and in the coexpression of CD45 and CD19 markers neither; when comparing both times of administration and evaluated concentrations of Ribovac®. Conclusions. The lymphoid population expansion and their maturation to better effector phenotypes effector are inducible and desirable effects of Ribovac® and these important when deciding the time and intervals of administration.(AU)